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Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt psychology is a psychological school direction founded in 1912 by the Germans Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka. Based on the study of perception (sense perception), the Gestalt psychologists emphasized that mental phenomena cannot be understood as a sum of simple, elementary entities. According to Gestalt psychology, psychological phenomena are organized entities with their own structure and form. For example, a tune is not just a series of single tones; it is perceived as the same whole, even if the single tones change value when transposed to another key.
Gestalt psychology was designed in opposition to the association psychologists, who based their theories on the principles of interconnection of elementary conceptions. The starting point for the Gestalt psychologists was, among other things, Wertheimer’s studies of the so-called phi phenomenon 1913. The phi phenomenon indicates that we can perceive movement without anything moving in reality, for example when two lights placed near each other flash rapidly. order and one experiences what “something” has moved from one light to another. In the field of perception psychology, the Gestalt psychologists became especially known for their studies of the principles of perceptual grouping, the gestalt factors. These described certain organizing principles in the sense perception, and derived organizing principles that they also believed to apply to memory, thinking and problem solving.
Gestalt psychologists also criticized the new behavioral psychology, which explained behavior and learning as a result of simple stimulus-response links. Köhler was based on his learning experiments with chimpanzees on Tenerife in 1913-20. He demonstrated learning in chimpanzees through a holistic view of the situation (insight), as opposed to learning by association formation through trial and error.
The Gestalt psychologists also opposed the empirical ideology of these directions, that is, the assumption that knowledge and behavior simply reflect our experiences. More important than the experience, in the opinion of the Gestalt psychologists, was the mental organization with which we experience these experiences.
Wertheimer, Köhler, Koffka and other representatives of Gestalt psychology emigrated to the United States when the Nazis came to power, and came here to counterbalance behaviorism. After about 1960, gestalt psychology has been little visible as a separate grouping, but many of the ideas of the direction have played an important role in shaping modern cognitive psychology and to some extent also in social psychology.
A popular psychotherapeutic direction, gestalt therapy, utilizes some gestalt psychological concepts, but the direction has little in common.
Rankings
Psychology Programs
Departments and Schools
1
University of North Carolina – Chapel HillAddress: CB# 3270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270
Phone: (919) 962-4155
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://psychology.unc.edu/graduate/index.html
Department of Psychology
2
Duke University
Address: Box 90086, Durham, NC 27708-0086
Phone: (919) 660-5716
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://pn.aas.duke.edu/graduate/index.htm
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
3
North Carolina State University – RaleighAddress: PO Box 7650, Raleigh, NC 27695-7650
Phone: (919) 515-2251
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://psychology.chass.ncsu.edu/grads.html
Department of Psychology
4
University of North Carolina – GreensboroAddress: PO Box 26170, Greensboro , NC 27402-6170
Phone: (336) 334-5013
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.uncg.edu/psy/grad.htm
Department of Psychology
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